She Strengthens

Unraveling the Mystery of ADHD: Understanding the Condition and Its Many Faces

Are you confused about the differences between ADD and ADHD? You’re not alone. Let’s dive into the history, symptoms, and treatments of these terms, and explore why the term ADD is no longer used in medical contexts.

A Brief History of ADHD

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has undergone several revisions, each refining our understanding of ADHD. In 1968, the DSM-2 introduced the term “Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood,” emphasizing high levels of activity and movement. The DSM-3 (1980) shifted focus to inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, introducing the terms “Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity” and “Attention Deficit Disorder without Hyperactivity.” The DSM-3-R (1994) eliminated the “without hyperactivity” diagnosis and introduced “ADHD.” The DSM-5 (2013) further refined the criteria, acknowledging that symptoms can manifest differently in adults and children.

What is ADHD?

ADHD is characterized by ongoing inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that interferes with daily functioning or normal development. It affects an estimated 2.5% of adults and 8.4% of children in the United States, making it one of the most common mental health conditions affecting kids.

The Three Faces of ADHD

ADHD presents in three forms: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.

• Inattentive ADHD: Characterized by feelings of spaciness, distraction, and disorganization. People with inattentive ADHD might struggle to focus, follow instructions, or manage time effectively.
• Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD: Marked by fidgeting, restlessness, and impulsive behavior. Individuals with hyperactive-impulsive ADHD tend to act without thinking, interrupt others, and have trouble controlling their emotions.
• Combined ADHD: A combination of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.

Symptoms of ADHD

ADHD symptoms vary by age and sex. In children, hyperactivity and impulsivity are common, while inattention becomes more prevalent in elementary school. In adults, symptoms can resemble stress, hormones, or burnout, making diagnosis challenging. Women may experience anxiety, depression, chronic exhaustion, and low self-esteem, which can be mistaken for other conditions.

Diagnosing ADHD

To be diagnosed with ADHD, symptoms must:

• Interfere with daily life for at least 6 months
• Present before age 12 (but diagnosis can occur at any age)
• Happen in more than one setting (e.g., home and school or work)
• Not be linked to another mental health condition

Treating ADHD

While there’s no cure, treatment focuses on improving quality of life. Options include:

• Behavior therapy
• Central nervous system stimulants (e.g., Adderall, Ritalin)
• Nonstimulant medications (e.g., Intuniv, Strattera)
• Psychotherapy
• Classes on social or parenting skills
• Support groups

Remember, being distracted or fidgety from time to time is normal. However, if these symptoms persist and interfere with your daily life, it may be ADHD. By understanding the condition and its many faces, you can take the first step towards managing symptoms and living your best life.